The second part of the historical and biographical study focuses on the mature phase of the research, organizational, and expert activity led by the eminent Soviet pharmacologist, Academician of the USSR Mikhail D. Mashkovsky (1908–2002). The longstanding experience of M. D. Mashkovsky as head of the pharmacology department at the All-Union Scientific Research Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute during the post-war years is examined in detail, occurring against the background of the complex ideological challenges of the era. This section explores the fundamental research of the scientist, which connected experimental pharmacology with the latest global breakthroughs in biochemistry and synthetic chemistry. The paper highlights the contribution of M. D. Mashkovsky’s team to developing original domestic drugs and mastering major global generics. Particular emphasis is placed on M. D. Mashkovsky’s state and advisory roles as Chairman of the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, his international standing, and the unique publishing history of Medicinal Compounds, the fundamental reference manual written by the scientist.